|
Date |
Slave states |
Free states |
Total population of slave states |
Population of free states |
|
1820 (after Missouri Compromise) |
11: DE, GA, MD, SC, VA, NC, KY, LA, MS, AL, MO |
11: PA, NJ, CT, MA, NH, NY, RI, VT, TN, OH, IN, IL, ME |
4.1 M (1.54M of whom are slaves) |
5.52M |
|
1830 |
same |
same |
5.8M (2M of whom are slaves) |
7.06M |
|
1840 |
12: add AR |
12: add MI |
7.3M (2.5M of whom are slaves) |
9.73M |
|
1850 (after Compromise of 1850) |
14: add FL, TX |
15: add IO, WI, CA |
9.7M (3.2M of whom are slaves) |
13.4M |
|
1789-1861
|
1865-1915
|
|
|
Southern presidents
|
49 of 72 years
|
none; first real Southerner is LBJ, 1964, followed by Carter (1976), Clinton (1992, 1996), GW Bush (2000, 2004)
|
|
speaker of the House
|
23 of 36 are Southerners
|
0 of 25 are Southerners
|
|
president of the Senate
|
24 of 36 are Southerners
|
0 of 25 are Southerners
|
|
Supreme Court justices
|
20 of 35 are Southerners; at all times, a majority of the justices are Southerners
|
5 of 26 are Southerners
|
other measures of Southern distinctiveness:
1849-61 all Secretaries of War are Southerners, as was General in chief of Army, 2 of 3 brigadier generals, and 40% of West Point alumni and army officers (South is c. 30% of white population, so is overrepresented); 60%+ of volunteers in Mexican War from S (more than 4x per capita Northern volunteer rate); 7 of 8 military schools (excluding West Point and Annapolis) were in S. Dictionary of National Biography for the antebellum period contains 2x as many Southerners as Northerners; in arts, literature, medicine, education 2x as many Northerners; 3x as many N businessmen; 6x as many N engineers and inventors.
In 1860 slave states have half as high % of white kids in school, and school term c. 1/2 of N term. Per capita newspaper circulation 3x higher in N, library volumes/person in N 2x as high. 3x as many white illiterates in S as in N; including both races (remember, teaching slaves to read after Nat Turner is illegal), % of illiterates 7-8x higher in S.