political effects of the Civil War

other measures of Southern distinctiveness:

1849-61 all Secretaries of War are Southerners, as was general in chief of army, 2 of 3 brigadier generals, and 40% of West Point alumni and army officers (South is c.30% of white population, so is overrepresented); 60%+ of volunteers in Mexican War from S (more than 4x per capita Northern volunteer rate); 7 of 8 military schools (excluding West Point and Annapolis) were in S. Dictionary of National Biography for the antebellum period contains 2x as many Southerners as Northerners; arts, literature, medicine, education 2x as many Northerners; 3x as many N businessmen; 6x as many N engineers and inventors. In 1860 slave states have half as high % of white kids in school, and school term c 1/2 of N term. Per capita newspaper circulation 3x higher in N, library volumes/person in N 2x as high. 3x as many white illiterates in S as in N; including both races (remember, teaching slaves to read after Nat Turner is illegal), % of illiterates 7-8x higher in S. "The Creator did not intend that every individual human being should be highly cultivated. It is better that a part should be fully and highly educated and the rest utterly ignorant." (William Harper of SC)