header by Emerson Taymor, 2005
1. The Colonial Era: 1607-1763
2. The Revolutionary Era: 1763-1789
3. The Early National Period: 1789-1824
4. Jacksonian America: 1824-1848
5. Antebellum America: 1848-1860
6. The Civil War Era: 1861-1877
9. The Twenties
10. Depression and New Deal: 1929-1939
14. The Sixties
GOP Apologizes for Southern Strategy
Mike Allen, “RNC Chief to Say It Was ‘Wrong’ to Exploit
Racial Conflict for Votes,” Washington
Post, July 14, 2005
It was called "the southern strategy," started
under Richard M. Nixon in 1968, and described Republican efforts to use race
as a wedge issue -- on matters such as desegregation and busing -- to appeal
to white southern voters.
Ken Mehlman, the Republican National Committee
chairman, this morning will tell the NAACP national
convention in Milwaukee that it was "wrong."
"By the '70s and into the '80s and '90s, the Democratic Party solidified
its gains in the African American community, and we Republicans did not effectively
reach out," Mehlman says in his prepared text. "Some Republicans
gave up on winning the African American vote, looking the other way or trying to benefit politically from racial polarization. I am here
today as the Republican chairman to tell you we were wrong."
Mehlman, a Baltimore native who managed President
Bush's reelection campaign, goes on to discuss current overtures to minorities,
calling it "not healthy for the country for our political parties to be
so racially polarized." The party lists century-old outreach efforts in
a new feature on its Web site, GOP.com, which was relaunched yesterday
with new interactive features and a history section called "
Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean spoke to the NAACP yesterday and said through an
aide: "It's no coincidence that 43 out of 43 members of the Congressional
Black Caucus are Democrats. The Democratic Party is the real party of opportunity
for African Americans."
Bob Herbert, “An Empty Apology,” New York Times, July 18, 2005
One of President Bush's surrogates went before the N.A.A.C.P. last week and apologized for the Republican Party's reprehensible,
decades-long Southern strategy.
The surrogate, Ken Mehlman, is chairman of the Republican National
Committee. Perhaps he meant well. But his words were worse than meaningless.
They were insulting. The G.O.P.'s Southern strategy, racist at its core,
still lives.
''Some Republicans gave up on winning the African-American vote, looking the
other way or trying to benefit politically from racial
polarization,'' said Mr. Mehlman. ''I am here today
as the Republican chairman to tell you we were wrong.''
He made his remarks during an appearance in
The Southern strategy meant
much, much more than some members of the G.O.P. simply giving up on African-American
votes. Put into play by Barry Goldwater and Richard Nixon in the mid- to late
1960's, it fed like a starving beast on the resentment of whites who were scornful
of blacks and furious about the demise of segregation and other civil rights
advances. The idea was to snatch the white racist vote away from the Democratic
Party, which had committed such unpardonable sins as enacting the Civil Rights
and Voting Rights Acts and enforcing desegregation statutes.
The important thing to keep in mind was how deliberate and pernicious the strategy
was. Last month a jury in
So what did Ronald Reagan do in his first run for the presidency, 16 years
after the murder, in the summer of 1980? He chose the site of the murders,
Mr. Reagan's running mate was George H.W. Bush, who, in his own run for president
in 1988, thought it was a good idea to exploit racial fears with the notorious
Willie Horton ads about a black prisoner who raped a white woman. Mr. Bush's
campaign manager, Lee Atwater, said at the time that the Horton case was a
''values issue, particularly in the South -- and if we hammer at these over
and over, we are going to win.''
Mr. Bush's son, the current president, has been as devoted as an acolyte to
the Southern strategy, despite
anything Ken Mehlman might think. Like so many other
Republican politicians and presidential wannabes, George W. Bush was happy
to appear at
And in both of Mr. Bush's presidential campaigns, his supporters, especially
his brother Jeb, the governor of
In April, with the election safely out of the way, the indictments were dropped
and Mr. Dyer was reinstated as mayor.
At its heart, the Southern strategy remains
the same, a cynical and remarkably successful divide-and-conquer strategy that
nurtures the bigotry of whites and is utterly contemptuous of blacks.
My guess is that Mr. Mehlman's apology was less about
starting a stampede of blacks into the G.O.P. than about softening the party's
image in the eyes of moderate white voters. If the apology was serious, it
would mean the Southern strategy was
kaput. And we know that's not true.
New York Times
December 30, 2007
Harry Dent | b. 1930
The Southern Strategist
By RICK PERLSTEIN
In the small Southern town that produced Harry Dent, the future Nixon White House political aide, Dent’s great-uncle John (The Baptist) Prickett edited the newspaper. One day, an outraged reader called Prickett a “Republican S.O.B.” Prickett, who like everyone else in South Carolina was a Democrat, laid him flat with a punch. The baffled reader, upon recovering, asked what was the matter with calling him an S.O.B. “But you called me a Republican S.O.B.,” Prickett answered — and thereby hangs the tale of why Harry Shuler Dent is such an important figure in American history. He was the behind-the-scenes player who did the most to turn the South from a region that despised Republicans into a Republican bastion.
For most of the post-Civil-War era, the Grand Old Party survived in the Southern popular imagination as the Yankee enemy, eager to conspire with newly enfranchised slaves to overturn the entire “Southern way of life.” In 1957, Republican congressmen were instrumental in passing the first federal civil rights law in almost a century. The idea of a Southern state delivering its electoral votes to “the party of Lincoln” would have seemed outrageous before the 1960s — before, that is, the national Democratic Party made a commitment to the enforcement of civil rights for blacks.
By then, Harry Dent was a top political aide to Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. Thurmond ran for president as a third-party “Dixiecrat” in 1948 after the Democratic convention passed a civil rights plank. Shortly before the 1964 presidential election, a Democratic president, Lyndon Johnson, passed the most sweeping civil rights law in United States history. This time, Thurmond didn’t form a third party. The Republican presidential nominee, the conservative Barry Goldwater, opposed the civil rights law, which was political heresy at the time, as the conventional wisdom was that Republicans could not win the presidency without courting the black vote. Dent, a Southerner through and through — he was a lay preacher and established the Senate’s breakfast prayer group — persuaded his boss to drop out of the Democratic Party for good, join the Republicans and campaign for Goldwater. Goldwater lost in a landslide, winning just six states, five of them in Dixie. The “solid Democratic South” had been breached. American politics would never be the same.
Dent’s ascent to the upper echelons of the White House began in 1966. Following Goldwater’s lead, Richard Nixon laid the groundwork for his presidential nomination by building his political base in the 11 states of the Old Confederacy. To succeed, he would need the blessing of the South’s most trusted Republican: Strom Thurmond. To get to Thurmond, he knew he’d need the loyalty of the man Thurmond trusted most: Harry Dent. It happened via one of those colorful stories of which Southern political lore is made. The Dent family dog had just been run over by a car, and Nixon, thinking quickly, sent Dent’s stricken children a new one. A grateful Dent, who had a gift for soothing the egos of powerful men — on the Nixon Oval Office tapes you can hear him agreeing with whatever the president says almost before he’s through saying it — explained to Nixon how to win Thurmond’s heart, advice Nixon followed. Nixon announced: “Strom is no racist. Strom is a man of courage and integrity.”
But by 1968 Nixon was still not guaranteed the loyalty of Southern Republicans. Thurmond had installed Dent as chairman of the South Carolina Republican Party, and Dent had organized his fellow Southern chairmen in a scheme to vote their delegations as a block at the convention. But first they would play hard to get, making the three top contenders — Nixon, Ronald Reagan and Nelson Rockefeller — come down South and beg for their hand. According to legend, Rockefeller, despised by them anyway as a civil rights liberal, nearly disqualified himself by trying to pour sugar on his grits. Reagan, the sentimental favorite, ruled himself out by refusing to say whether he was officially running. Nixon met the state chairmen on May 31, 1968, in Atlanta, where the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was interred six weeks earlier. He walked off with the prize after pledging to appoint “strict constructionist” Supreme Court justices and choose a running mate “acceptable to all sections of the party” — in other words, one signed off on by Thurmond. The South was now not just a player in Republican politics. It was calling the tune.
“Four years ago it would never have occurred to Gov. Nelson A. Rockefeller to go politicking in the South,” Richard Dougherty of The Los Angeles Times wrote, marveling at the accomplishment of South Carolina’s “conservative and articulate” state chairman. That one word — “articulate” — spoke volumes. Dent claimed his truest passion was healing the South’s wounded regional pride: the shame at being condescended to by Yankees. At the 1968 Republican National Convention, Dent deployed his mastery of wounded Southern pride to keep restless Dixie convention delegates united behind Nixon instead of Reagan. Then, in the general election, he ran the “Thurmond Speaks for Nixon-Agnew” committee, which was ostensibly “independent” of the official campaign, lest Nixon be excoriated by pundits for campaigning in the South, as one internal memo put it, “in regional code words.” President Nixon rewarded Dent with a White House job as his keeper of those same regional code words, the man in charge of demonstrating to the South that the White House would not be working to enforce federal civil rights laws, while appearing publicly to endorse them. That move would soon be enshrined in the press as the “Southern Strategy.”
Most of Dent’s days were spent working the back channels, assuring Southerners that the administration would stonewall federal court desegregation decisions. After Nixon’s first Supreme Court nominee, South Carolina’s Clement Haynsworth, withdrew under a cloud of corruption allegations, the president ordered Dent to “find a good federal judge further South and further to the right.” Dent obliged him with G. Harrold Carswell, who once campaigned for the Georgia State Legislature with the credo, “I believe that segregation of the races is proper and the ONLY practical and correct way of life in our states.” Nixon, following Dent’s example, argued that the opposition to Carswell’s nomination was mere regional bigotry against the South. Liberals, not without reason, regarded Dent, Time reported, as “a Southern-fried Rasputin in the Nixon administration.”
The lay preacher in Dent suffered from a guilty conscience. In his 1978 memoir, “The Prodigal South Returns to Power,” Dent wrote that his politics were never racist. “The aim of the Southern strategy,” he claimed, was merely “to have the South treated just like any other section of the U.S.A.” Three years later, when he retired from law to preach the Gospel full time, he came clean. Yes, he admitted, of course he had exploited race to aggrandize Southern power. “When I look back,” he said, “my biggest regret now is anything I did that stood in the way of the rights of black people.”